Несъемная опалубка — ответ на все ваши вопросы
Несъемная опалубка – проверенный способ сделать строительство дома технологичнее и экономнее. Вам не придется тратиться на дорогую бригаду или оплачивать многоразовые элементы, которые по окончании работ увезут с вашего участка. За короткий срок вы получите готовые к отделке утепленные стены идеальной геометрии, а дом в целом будет энергоэффективным – то есть недорогим в эксплуатации и теплым.
Звучит как сказка? Однако технология несъемной опалубки позволяет это сделать.
Суть вопроса
Опалубка – это вспомогательная конструкция из дерева, металла или других материалов, которая необходима для придания определенной геометрии монолитным конструкциям: фундаменту, стенам, перекрытиям. Традиционная опалубка представляет собой деревянные или металлические конструкции, которые устанавливают на месте строительства и заливают цементным раствором, а после его застывания разбирают. Несъемная опалубка – это единая сборная конструкция из блоков или панелей, которая после заливки бетона схватывается с ним и становится функциональной частью конструкции – фундамента, стены или перекрытия.
Энергоэффективность
Применив технологию несъемной опалубки, вы можете построить дом, не требующий дополнительного утепления стен – поскольку сам материал, в который заливается бетонный раствор для стены, является теплоизоляционным. Например, для того, чтобы обеспечить теплоизоляцию кирпичного коттеджа площадью 120 кв. м. под утепляющие конструкции придется пожертвовать 14 кв. м площади строения – только тогда термическое сопротивление стен будет таким же, как у дома площадью 120 кв.м., построенного по технологии несъемной опалубки. Экономия на отоплении в таком доме составляет 3 – 3,5 раза.
Надежность
Технология несъемной опалубки широко используется в Европе и Северной Америке, в разных климатических поясах, уже в течение минимум пяти десятилетий. И число разновидностей несъемной опалубки все время растет, что доказывает востребованность технологии.
Виды несъемной опалубки
В частном строительстве разумно применять сборную несъемную опалубку из листовых полимерных материалов. Решения вроде 3D или «литой» опалубки, собираемой из готовых объемных блоков, имеют ряд технологических ограничений, которые делают их использование нерациональным для домов высотой не выше трех этажей. Технология 3D достаточно сложна, требует предварительного сеточного армирования и механизированного нанесения штукатурки. Опалубка из литых блоков, которую часто называют «лего», удобна в сборке, но не дает возможности регулировать толщину заливаемого слоя. К тому же доставка и хранение таких элементов превращаются в целую проблему: еще на заводе их упаковывают в массивные блоки, которые необходимо где-то хранить и дополнительно защищать от солнца. Листовые материалы для несъемной опалубки однозначно удобнее для применения на частной стройке. Их единственный минус – сложность монтажа круглых архитектурных элементов, которые обычно не бывают нужны при строительстве частных коттеджей.
Материалы
Листовой полимерный материал является ключевым элементом несъемной опалубки, и от его качества зависит результат. Если вы хотите получить теплый, экологичный и надежный дом, который прослужит вам долгие годы, откажитесь от идеи дополнительно сэкономить на плитах теплоизоляции. Вам необходимо выбрать материал, который не деформируется, не впитывает влагу, не разрушается, стоек к воздействию насекомых и грызунов и, к тому же, имеет максимальные теплоизолирующие характеристики. Сегодня для несъемной опалубки чаще всего применяют теплоизоляционные плиты из экструзионного пенополистирола (XPS). При выборе марки экструзионного пенополистирола нужно отдавать предпочтение проверенным и зарекомендовавшим себя с лучшей стороны производителям. Отличную репутацию имеет, например, XPS ТЕХНОНИКОЛЬ CARBON, который производится на современных заводах в соответствии со всеми стандартами качества и продается как в России, так и за рубежом. Кроме того, качественный XPS легко отличить по упаковке.
ТЕХНОНИКОЛЬ упаковывает свои плиты в термоусадочную пленку с защитой от ультрафиолета и паллетирует – а это значит, что после доставки на участок XPS не придется дополнительно защищать от солнца, ветра и воришек, которые пытаются стянуть все, что плохо лежит. Только качественный XPS надежного производителя имеет гарантированную экологическую чистоту – например, индекс в названии XPS ТЕХНОНИКОЛЬ CARBON ECO указывает, что материал соответствует международным требованиям экологичности для частного строительства. С лета 2017 года компания ТЕХНОНИКОЛЬ также предлагает универсальную стяжку и удлинитель стяжки для несъемной опалубки из прочного пластика. Использование этой стяжки позволяет сформировать конструкцию несъемной опалубки с толщиной бетонного сердечника от 100 до 250 мм, с удлинителем – от 300 до 550 мм. Расход стяжек — 8шт на плиту 1200х600. Поскольку стяжка сделана из пластика, она не становится местом утечки тепла (так называемым «мостиком холода») и способствует повышению энергоэффективности строения.
Красивый финиш
Несъемная опалубка из XPS — хорошая прочная основа для «мокрого» (оштукатуренного) фасада, а также для отделки керамической плиткой, фасадным камнем, кирпичом. Такую отделку желательно производить сразу после монтажа стен, поскольку полимерные материалы следует защищать от воздействия ультрафиолетовых лучей. Для лучшего сцепления со штукатурной смесью поверхность плиты должна быть либо фрезерована (как XPS ТЕХНОНИКОЛЬ CARBON ECO FAS), либо обработана щеткой с металлической щетиной или обычной ножовкой по дереву.
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