Выбираем отделку фасада: навесной или мокрый?
Фасад не зря называют лицом здания. Именно от его оформления зависит первое впечатление о торговом центре, музее, магазине или загородном доме. И именно поэтому сейчас отделке фасадов уделяется особое внимание.
Виды облицовки
Наиболее популярными типами облицовки фасада стали штукатурная отделка и устройство вентилируемых фасадов. В первом случае, как и следует из названия, декоративным слоем становится штукатурка с последующей окраской. Это наиболее простой и недорогой способ отделки, он популярен для оформления как частных домов, так и общественных зданий. Второй вариант позволяет придать сооружениям привлекательный внешний вид, при этом обеспечивает их дополнительную теплозащиту. В качестве облицовочного слоя используются самые различные материалы — от декоративной плитки до сайдинга. Однако наиболее эффектно выглядит отделка из натурального камня — материала, успешно использующегося в строительстве на протяжении многих веков.
Навесные вентилируемые фасады
Навесные вентилируемые фасады, широко распространенные в европейских странах, приобретают всё большую популярность и в России. Монтаж таких систем не занимает много времени и может проводиться в любых климатических зонах.
Навесные вентилируемые фасады представляют собой конструкцию, состоящую из несущих элементов, крепящихся к стене, утеплителя и облицовочного слоя; при этом между внешней отделкой и теплоизоляцией оставляется зазор.
В числе достоинств таких фасадов высокая тепло- и звукоизоляция, вентиляция внутренних слоёв, эффективная защита стены от атмосферных воздействий. Кроме того, устройство навесных вентилируемых фасадов не требует подготовки несущих стен, более того – они сами нивелирую все неровности и дефекты поверхности. И, конечно, нельзя не упомянуть длительный срок службы: в зависимости от используемых материалов, системы могут обходиться без ремонта от 25 до 30 лет.
Натуральный камень — превосходный материал, отличающийся своими эксплуатационными характеристиками и эстетичным внешним видом. Именно он помогает придать зданиям индивидуальность, неповторимость, подчеркнуть монументальность высотных комплексов и добавить колорита частным коттеджам. Для отделки используются различные породы камня, и выбор их во многом зависит от того, какие задачи необходимо решить. Так камень тёмных оттенков — гранит, мрамор, лабрадорит, габбро — позволяет создать ощущение монументальности в величественности, а светлый гранит, мрамор или известняк даёт эффект лёгкости, открытости.
Важную роль играет и фактура камня. Для небольших домов актуальны плиты с гладкой обработкой поверхности, в то время как для масштабных зданий прекрасно подходит отделка из «дикого» камня с характерным рельефом. Обычно такие плиты применяют для оформления цокольных элементов, и это неспроста: объёмные отделочные материалы из камня имеют немалый вес, и перегружать ими верхнюю часть здания просто нецелесообразно. Однако если проектом предусмотрено решение отделки бучардированными плитами или плитами с колотой поверхностью, необходимо озаботиться дополнительными креплениями для усиления конструкции.
Мокрые фасады
Выполнение мокрых фасадов предусматривает использование в процессе отделки воды, что и дало технологии такое название. Мокрые фасады представляют собой конструкцию из трёх слоёв: теплоизоляционного, армированного и защитно-декоративного. Теплоизоляция выполняется из пенополистирола или минераловатных плит. Затем идёт базовый слой из штукатурно-клеевого состава, армированного кладочной сеткой. Он надёжно фиксирует теплоизоляционные плиты на стенах здания, а также служит основой для выполнения декоративного слоя.
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- Облицовка фасадов здания мрамором. Природный камень.
В зависимости от того, какие материалы используются для облицовки, применяются различные варианты их крепления. Так для тонких плит из искусственного или природного камня достаточно только цементного раствора, а для рельефных, более тяжёлых плит используют специальные клеи. Однако чаще всего для прочной фиксации плит из натурального камня применяют дополнительные механические крепления – анкера или пироны.
Внешний вид облицовки зависит не только от вида и цвета камня, но и от способа его укладки. Это может быть укладка с расшивкой, когда плиты располагают на некотором удалении друг от друга, а зазор между ними потом заполняют специальными материалами. Затирки выполняют не только декоративную, но и защитную функцию: благодаря герметизации кладки, в щели между кладочным раствором и камнем не попадает влага.
Укладка стык в стык даёт ощущение цельной поверхности и особенно эффектно смотрится при использовании гладких плит. При таком виде кладки особенно важно, чтобы геометрия изделий была выдержана максимально точно. Для защиты стыков торцы плит обрабатывают специальной шпатлёвкой, обеспечивающей также дополнительную фиксацию.
Мокрые фасады позволяют создать эффективную теплоизоляцию здания и обеспечить привлекательность его внешних стен, при этом затраты на отделку будут вполне приемлемыми. Недостатками такого вида отделки являются возможность проведения работ только при температуре воздуха не ниже +5, а также ограничения по высоте здания.
Для выполнения облицовки по технологии мокрых фасадов применяются различные породы камня: известняк, доломит, мрамор, травертин, песчаник и др. Однако стоит помнить о том, что при комбинированной укладке силикатные породы (песчаник, кварцит) нельзя совмещать с карбонатными (известняк, доломит, мрамор, травертин). Это ограничение существует неслучайно и имеет вполне логичное обоснование: кремниевая кислота, содержащаяся в силикатах, вступает в реакцию с карбонатом кальция, а в результате оба вида камня будут разрушаться.
Отделка из камня, элементы декора
Облицовка фасадов натуральным камнем привлекательна уже сама по себе. Однако существуют декоративные элементы — колонны, пилястры, портики, фронтоны, перила лестниц, балюстрады — придающие зданиям индивидуальность и особое очарование. Выполненные из природного камня, они гармонично сочетаются с отделкой стен и уместны для украшения как небольших частных домов, так и крупных общественных зданий.
Натуральный камень сочетает в себе красоту и долговечность. Сотни цветов и оттенков, неповторимых рисунков дала сама природа, а современные методы обработки позволяют получить различные виды поверхностей. Благодаря применению для отделки натурального камня, любое здание, построенное по стандартному проекту, может стать совершенно уникальным и запоминающимся.
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